Your direct maternal and paternal lines both trace to the Western Hunter‑Gatherers — the people who lived in Europe before farming arrived. Not a country breakdown. Two specific lineages, each with a place and a date.
Mother → her mother → her mother, unbroken. Haplogroup U5 arose in Europe roughly 30,000–35,000 years ago and is the signature lineage of the European Mesolithic.
7 derived, 4 excluding markers · high confidenceFather → his father → his father, unbroken. I‑M423. Haplogroup I is the one major lineage that appears to have originated in Europe; As a population, M423 peaks in the Dinaric Alps and is common across the Slavic world — though where this particular line sits inside M423 is a separate question, and not fully settled below.
Resolved on the full ISOGG tree · M223 excludedThese are not distant statistical cousins — they are sequenced individuals published in the scientific literature who carry the same haplogroups. The first is the striking one: Cheddar Man matches on both lines at once.
So you can check the work. Mitochondrial positions use standard rCRS numbering; the derived state is the mutation that defines the branch.
| Position | rCRS | Your call | State | What it establishes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12308 | A | G | derived | Haplogroup U |
| 12372 | G | A | derived | Haplogroup U, confirming |
| 11467 | A | G | derived | Haplogroup U, third marker |
| 3197 | T | C | derived | Subclade U5 |
| 9477 | G | A | derived | Subclade U5, confirming |
| 13617 | T | C | derived | Subclade U5, third marker |
| 14182 | T | C | derived | Branch U5b |
| 10398 | A | A | ancestral | Excludes K, J, I |
| 15907 | A | A | ancestral | Excludes U2 |
| 15693 | T | T | ancestral | Excludes U4 |
| 16126 | T | T | ancestral | Excludes the JT clade |
| Marker | rsid | Your call | State | What it establishes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M170 | 14847792 | C | derived ×80 | Haplogroup I |
| M438, L68 | — | — | derived ×2 | Subclade I2 |
| L460 | — | — | derived | Subclade I2a |
| CTS176 | 2785672 | G | derived | Branch I2a1b (I‑M423) |
| CTS1293 | 7317227 | A | derived | Branch I2a1b, confirming |
| CTS5375 | 16233135 | G | derived | Branch I2a1b, third marker |
| CTS5985 | 16594452 | G | derived | Branch I2a1b, fourth marker |
| M436 | 18747493 | G | ancestral ×6 | Excludes I2a2 — the branch containing M223 |
| I1 node | — | — | ancestral ×16 | Excludes I1 |
| M26 node | — | — | ancestral | Excludes I2a1a (Sardinian) |
How the sub‑branch was resolved. The paternal call comes from yhaplo (23andMe’s open‑source caller) walking the full ISOGG tree across 3,741 Y markers. yhaplo expects GRCh37 while this file reports Y positions on GRCh38, so every coordinate was lifted with the UCSC hg38→hg19 chain rather than shifted by a constant — the offset is not constant (2,111,934 at one marker, 2,111,880 at another). It was checked against a known address: M170 lands on 14,847,792, exactly its dbSNP GRCh37 position, and 0 of 3,741 markers failed to map.
The call is I2a1b (I‑M423) on four derived markers, with the northwest‑European I2a2/M223 branch positively excluded by six ancestral markers — not merely unobserved. One limit remains: CTS10228, the marker of the Slavic “Din” expansion, is not assayed on this chip at all — zero calls either way. M423 is settled; whether it sits in the large Slavic sub‑branch or the small British “Isles” one is not. One twig is excluded: S17250 (GRCh37 15,531,354) reads ancestral G where derived is A — a clean haploid call, not a no‑call. S17250 sits below the Din marker (M423 → CTS10228 → L621 → Y3120 → S17250) and defines a sub‑branch that formed about 2,200 years ago. Being negative for it rules out that twig without ruling out Din itself, since a sibling branch remains possible.
What this is not. This is not an admixture estimate. Percentages like “38% Baltic, 12% Finnish” require comparing you against reference population panels, which this file alone cannot support — so none appear here. Haplogroups also trace only two lines out of the thousands of ancestors you had 300 years ago: your mother’s mother’s mother, and your father’s father’s father. They are precise, and they are narrow.